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Community Limited

  • 1 società

    f invar company
    ( associazione) society
    società a responsabilità limitata limited liability company
    società in nome collettivo general partnership
    società per azioni joint stock company
    società del benessere welfare society
    società dei consumi consumer society
    * * *
    società s.f.
    1 society, community: la società moderna, modern society; la società umana, human society; la società industriale, industrial society; società dei consumi, consumer society; società opulenta, del benessere, affluent society; doveri verso la società, duties towards society (o the community); essere in lotta con la società, to be at war with society; vivere ai margini della società, to live on the fringe of society // la società delle api, the society of bees // la società elegante, the fashionable world; l'alta società, high society // i rifiuti della società, the outcasts of society
    2 ( associazione) society, association: società filantropica, philanthropic (o charitable) society; società sportiva, sports society // società segreta, secret society // società di mutuo soccorso, mutual aid (o friendly) society // società per la protezione degli animali, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals // (st.) Società delle Nazioni, League of Nations // l'onorata società, the Mafia; the Camorra
    3 (dir., econ.) company; partnership; concern; firm; (amer.) corporation: società di assicurazione, insurance company; società di trasporti, carrying (o transport) company; società di navigazione, ferroviaria, shipping, railway company; società armatrice, shipowner company; società edilizia, ( per mutui) building society, ( impresa) building firm; società immobiliare, real estate (o property) company; società mineraria, mining company // società anonima, joint-stock company; società per azioni, di capitali, joint-stock (o stock) company (o company limited by shares); società per azioni a proprietario unico, one-man business (o company), (amer.) sole corporation; società di persone, partnership, (amer.) non-stock corporation; società a responsabilità limitata, limited (liability o guarantee) company; società a responsabilità illimitata, unlimited (liability) company; società in accomandita semplice, limited partnership; società in nome collettivo, copartnership (o general o unlimited partnership); società in compartecipazione, joint venture; società a partecipazione statale, government controlled company; società multinazionale, multinational company (o amer. corporation); società di controllo, controllante, controlling company; società controllata, controlled company; società capogruppo, madre, parent company; società consociata, affiliata, affiliate (o subsidiary o affiliated o sister company); società subentrante, successor company; società autorizzata, costituita, incorporated company; società non registrata, unincorporated association; società quotata, non quotata in Borsa, listed (o quoted) company, unlisted (o unquoted) company; società di fatto, (amer.) de facto (o unregistered) corporation; società di comodo, dummy company; società fantasma, fittizia, bogus company; (amer.) sham corporation; società semplice, (ordinary) partnership; società cooperativa, cooperative society (o mutual company); società familiare, family company; società commerciale, (amer.) business corporation; società di consulenza, consulting firm; società di gestione, management trust; società di revisione contabile, auditing company; società fiduciaria, trust company; società finanziaria, investment trust; società finanziaria di controllo, holding company; società di finanziamento, finance company; società di investimento, investment company; società mutua di credito, credit association // costituire, formare, sciogliere, liquidare una società, to form, to dissolve, to wind up a partnership; entrare, mettersi in società con qlcu., to go into business (o to set up partnership) with s.o.; (fam.) to go into partnership with s.o.; comprare qlco. in società con qlcu., (fam.) to share (o to split) the cost of sthg. with s.o.; giocare in società con qlcu., (fam.) to make a joint bet with s.o.
    4 (riunione, ritrovo elegante) society: abito da, di società, evening dress; ( da uomo) ( smoking) dinner jacket (o amer. tuxedo); ( frac) evening dress; giochi di società, party (o parlour) games; vita di società, social life; non mi trovo a mio agio in società, I don't feel at ease in society; entrare in società, to enter society; frequentare la società, to move in society.
    * * *
    [sotʃe'ta]
    sostantivo femminile invariabile
    1) sociol. society

    alta, buona società — high, polite society

    3) (associazione) association, club, society

    società calcistica, sportiva — football, sports club

    4) dir. econ. company

    società di assicurazioni, servizi, navigazione — insurance, service, shipping company

    essere, entrare in società con qcn. — to be in, to enter into partnership with sb

    5) colloq.

    comprare qcs. in società con qcn. — to go in on sth. with sb

    •

    società per azioni — public company, limited company BE, corporation AE

    società finanziaria — finance company, finance house

    * * *
    società
    /sot∫e'ta/
    f.inv.
     1 sociol. society; la società moderna modern society; vivere in società to live in society; gioco di società parlour game
     2 (ceto) alta, buona società high, polite society
     3 (associazione) association, club, society; società calcistica, sportiva football, sports club; società segreta secret society
     4 dir. econ. company; società di assicurazioni, servizi, navigazione insurance, service, shipping company; essere, entrare in società con qcn. to be in, to enter into partnership with sb.
     5 colloq. comprare qcs. in società con qcn. to go in on sth. with sb.
    società in accomandita semplice limited partnership; società anonima joint-stock company; società per azioni public company, limited company BE, corporation AE; società del benessere affluent society; società civile society; società commerciale business firm; società dei consumi consumer society; società finanziaria finance company, finance house; società in nome collettivo general partnership; società a responsabilità limitata limited company.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > società

  • 2 responsabilidad

    f.
    responsibility.
    puesto de responsabilidad responsible position
    tener la responsabilidad de algo to be responsible for something
    responsabilidad civil/penal (law) civil/criminal liability
    responsabilidad limitada limited liability
    * * *
    1 responsibility
    \
    cargar con la responsabilidad de algo to take responsibility for something
    responsabilidad limitada limited liability
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF responsibility; (Jur) liability

    responsabilidad civil — public liability, public liability insurance

    responsabilidad ilimitada — (Com) unlimited liability

    responsabilidad objetiva — (Jur) strict liability

    * * *
    1)
    a) (de cargo, tarea) responsibility
    b) ( conciencia de las obligaciones) responsibility
    2) (Der) ( culpa) responsibility; ( obligación de indemnizar) liability

    exigen responsabilidades al alcalde por... — the mayor is being held accountable for...

    * * *
    = incumbency, onus, span of authority, charge, responsibility.
    Ex. This incumbency is no less binding upon those in the arena of 'professional education' than for those elsewise situated in the educational community.
    Ex. With the onus on the searcher to achieve familiarity with filing orders, there are other factors that need to be considered.
    Ex. Prior to this appointment, he was Director of LC's Processing Department where his span of authority included a network of worldwide offices for the acquisition and cataloging of materials.
    Ex. She was offered an opportunity to chair a task force within the library with the charge to investigate a new integrated system.
    Ex. The responsibility for manning the one telephone left at the disposal of a residue of callers fell to a single officer who had other duties to carry out to justify his keep.
    ----
    * absolver de responsabilidad = absolve + Nombre + from/of + responsibility.
    * aceptar la responsabilidad = assume + responsibilitiy (for).
    * ampliación de las responsabilidades laborales = job enrichment.
    * ampliación de responsabilidades laborales = job enlargement.
    * área de título y de mención de responsabilidad = title and statement of responsibility area.
    * asignar responsabilidad = lodge + responsibility.
    * asumir la responsabilidad = assume + responsibilitiy (for).
    * asumir responsabilidad = take over, take + responsibility.
    * atribuir responsabilidad intelectual = assign + intellectual responsibility.
    * atribuirse la responsabilidad = make + claim of responsibility, claim + responsibility.
    * bloque funcional de responsabilidad intelectual = intellectual responsibility block.
    * caer fuera de las responsabilidades de = be on the outer fringes of.
    * cargar con la responsabilidad = shoulder + the burden, shoulder + the responsibility.
    * claridad de responsabilidades = role clarity.
    * compartir la responsabilidad = share + burden.
    * conflicto de responsabilidades = role conflict.
    * con responsabilidad = responsibly.
    * cumplir con la responsabilidad de Uno = do + Posesivo + share.
    * cumplir + Posesivo + responsabilidad = carry out + Posesivo + responsibility.
    * cumplir una responsabilidad = accomplish + responsibility.
    * delegación de responsabilidad = empowerment.
    * delegar responsabilidad = delegate + responsibility, empower.
    * descargar de responsabilidad = remove from + shoulders.
    * descargo de responsabilidad = declaration form, form of declaration, disclaimer.
    * distribuir la responsabilidad = spread + the load.
    * eludir responsabilidad = pass + the buck.
    * eludir una responsabilidad = shirk + responsibility.
    * entrar dentro de la responsabilidad de = fall under + the jurisdiction of, fall under + the auspices of, fall under + the purview of.
    * escaquearse de una responsabilidad = weasel out of + responsibility.
    * exención de responsabilidad = disclaimer.
    * eximir de responsabilidad = absolve + Nombre + from/of + responsibility.
    * exonerar a Alguien de responsabilidad = exonerate + Nombre + from responsibility.
    * hacer frente a una responsabilidad = meet + responsibility, face up to + responsibility.
    * hacer recaer la responsabilidad sobre = put + the onus on, put + the burden on.
    * inculcar responsabilidad = instil + responsibility.
    * la responsabilidad ahora recae en + Nombre = the ball is in + Posesivo + court.
    * la responsabilidad es de... = the buck + stops....
    * ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.
    * librar de la responsabilidad de = relieve of + the burden of.
    * librar de responsabilidad = relieve of + responsibility.
    * limitación de responsabilidad = limitation of liability.
    * llevar la responsabilidad de Algo = carry + the burden.
    * mención de responsabilidad = statement of authorship, statement of responsibility, byline, authorship statement.
    * mención de responsabilidad de la edición = imprint.
    * peso de la responsabilidad, el = burden of responsibility, the.
    * poner la responsabilidad en = put + the burden on.
    * rechazar la responsabilidad = disclaim + responsibility.
    * reivindicar la responsabilidad = make + claim of responsibility, claim + responsibility.
    * responsabilidad colectiva = collective responsibility, group responsibility.
    * responsabilidad combinada = mixed responsibility.
    * responsabilidad compartida = shared authorship, shared responsibility.
    * responsabilidad + competer a = responsibility + fall to.
    * responsabilidad + corresponder a = responsibility + fall to.
    * responsabilidad de demostrar lo que se defiende, la = burden of proof, the.
    * responsabilidad en la gestión = accountability.
    * responsabilidades = terms of reference, stewardship.
    * responsabilidades docentes = teaching responsibilities.
    * responsabilidades familiares = family responsibilities.
    * responsabilidad extracontractual = tort.
    * responsabilidad individual = individual responsibility.
    * responsabilidad intelectual = intellectual responsibility.
    * responsabilidad laboral = accountability.
    * responsabilidad legal = liability, legal liability, legal responsibility.
    * responsabilidad moral = moral stewardship, moral responsibility.
    * responsabilidad penal = criminal liability, criminal liability.
    * responsabilidad personal = personal responsibility.
    * responsabilidad + recaer en = responsibility + rest with.
    * responsabilidad + recaer sobre + espaldas = responsibility + rest on + shoulders.
    * responsabilidad secundaria = secondary responsibility.
    * responsabilidad social = social responsibility.
    * responsabilidad terciaria = tertiary responsibility.
    * seguro de responsabilidad civil = liability insurance.
    * sentido de la responsabilidad = sense of responsibility.
    * ser la propia responsabilidad de Alguien = be of + Posesivo + own making.
    * ser la responsabilidad de = be the responsibility of.
    * ser la responsabilidad de Alguien + Infinitivo = it + lie with + Nombre/Pronombre + to + Infinitivo.
    * ser responsabilidad de = be incumbent on/upon.
    * tener la responsabilidad = charge, undertake + burden.
    * tener la responsabilidad de = have + the responsibility of.
    * tomar como responsabilidad propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * tomar la responsabilidad = take + responsibility.
    * trasladar la responsabilidad a = shift + the burden to.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de cargo, tarea) responsibility
    b) ( conciencia de las obligaciones) responsibility
    2) (Der) ( culpa) responsibility; ( obligación de indemnizar) liability

    exigen responsabilidades al alcalde por... — the mayor is being held accountable for...

    * * *
    = incumbency, onus, span of authority, charge, responsibility.

    Ex: This incumbency is no less binding upon those in the arena of 'professional education' than for those elsewise situated in the educational community.

    Ex: With the onus on the searcher to achieve familiarity with filing orders, there are other factors that need to be considered.
    Ex: Prior to this appointment, he was Director of LC's Processing Department where his span of authority included a network of worldwide offices for the acquisition and cataloging of materials.
    Ex: She was offered an opportunity to chair a task force within the library with the charge to investigate a new integrated system.
    Ex: The responsibility for manning the one telephone left at the disposal of a residue of callers fell to a single officer who had other duties to carry out to justify his keep.
    * absolver de responsabilidad = absolve + Nombre + from/of + responsibility.
    * aceptar la responsabilidad = assume + responsibilitiy (for).
    * ampliación de las responsabilidades laborales = job enrichment.
    * ampliación de responsabilidades laborales = job enlargement.
    * área de título y de mención de responsabilidad = title and statement of responsibility area.
    * asignar responsabilidad = lodge + responsibility.
    * asumir la responsabilidad = assume + responsibilitiy (for).
    * asumir responsabilidad = take over, take + responsibility.
    * atribuir responsabilidad intelectual = assign + intellectual responsibility.
    * atribuirse la responsabilidad = make + claim of responsibility, claim + responsibility.
    * bloque funcional de responsabilidad intelectual = intellectual responsibility block.
    * caer fuera de las responsabilidades de = be on the outer fringes of.
    * cargar con la responsabilidad = shoulder + the burden, shoulder + the responsibility.
    * claridad de responsabilidades = role clarity.
    * compartir la responsabilidad = share + burden.
    * conflicto de responsabilidades = role conflict.
    * con responsabilidad = responsibly.
    * cumplir con la responsabilidad de Uno = do + Posesivo + share.
    * cumplir + Posesivo + responsabilidad = carry out + Posesivo + responsibility.
    * cumplir una responsabilidad = accomplish + responsibility.
    * delegación de responsabilidad = empowerment.
    * delegar responsabilidad = delegate + responsibility, empower.
    * descargar de responsabilidad = remove from + shoulders.
    * descargo de responsabilidad = declaration form, form of declaration, disclaimer.
    * distribuir la responsabilidad = spread + the load.
    * eludir responsabilidad = pass + the buck.
    * eludir una responsabilidad = shirk + responsibility.
    * entrar dentro de la responsabilidad de = fall under + the jurisdiction of, fall under + the auspices of, fall under + the purview of.
    * escaquearse de una responsabilidad = weasel out of + responsibility.
    * exención de responsabilidad = disclaimer.
    * eximir de responsabilidad = absolve + Nombre + from/of + responsibility.
    * exonerar a Alguien de responsabilidad = exonerate + Nombre + from responsibility.
    * hacer frente a una responsabilidad = meet + responsibility, face up to + responsibility.
    * hacer recaer la responsabilidad sobre = put + the onus on, put + the burden on.
    * inculcar responsabilidad = instil + responsibility.
    * la responsabilidad ahora recae en + Nombre = the ball is in + Posesivo + court.
    * la responsabilidad es de... = the buck + stops....
    * ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.
    * librar de la responsabilidad de = relieve of + the burden of.
    * librar de responsabilidad = relieve of + responsibility.
    * limitación de responsabilidad = limitation of liability.
    * llevar la responsabilidad de Algo = carry + the burden.
    * mención de responsabilidad = statement of authorship, statement of responsibility, byline, authorship statement.
    * mención de responsabilidad de la edición = imprint.
    * peso de la responsabilidad, el = burden of responsibility, the.
    * poner la responsabilidad en = put + the burden on.
    * rechazar la responsabilidad = disclaim + responsibility.
    * reivindicar la responsabilidad = make + claim of responsibility, claim + responsibility.
    * responsabilidad colectiva = collective responsibility, group responsibility.
    * responsabilidad combinada = mixed responsibility.
    * responsabilidad compartida = shared authorship, shared responsibility.
    * responsabilidad + competer a = responsibility + fall to.
    * responsabilidad + corresponder a = responsibility + fall to.
    * responsabilidad de demostrar lo que se defiende, la = burden of proof, the.
    * responsabilidad en la gestión = accountability.
    * responsabilidades = terms of reference, stewardship.
    * responsabilidades docentes = teaching responsibilities.
    * responsabilidades familiares = family responsibilities.
    * responsabilidad extracontractual = tort.
    * responsabilidad individual = individual responsibility.
    * responsabilidad intelectual = intellectual responsibility.
    * responsabilidad laboral = accountability.
    * responsabilidad legal = liability, legal liability, legal responsibility.
    * responsabilidad moral = moral stewardship, moral responsibility.
    * responsabilidad penal = criminal liability, criminal liability.
    * responsabilidad personal = personal responsibility.
    * responsabilidad + recaer en = responsibility + rest with.
    * responsabilidad + recaer sobre + espaldas = responsibility + rest on + shoulders.
    * responsabilidad secundaria = secondary responsibility.
    * responsabilidad social = social responsibility.
    * responsabilidad terciaria = tertiary responsibility.
    * seguro de responsabilidad civil = liability insurance.
    * sentido de la responsabilidad = sense of responsibility.
    * ser la propia responsabilidad de Alguien = be of + Posesivo + own making.
    * ser la responsabilidad de = be the responsibility of.
    * ser la responsabilidad de Alguien + Infinitivo = it + lie with + Nombre/Pronombre + to + Infinitivo.
    * ser responsabilidad de = be incumbent on/upon.
    * tener la responsabilidad = charge, undertake + burden.
    * tener la responsabilidad de = have + the responsibility of.
    * tomar como responsabilidad propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * tomar la responsabilidad = take + responsibility.
    * trasladar la responsabilidad a = shift + the burden to.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de un cargo, una tarea) responsibility
    tiene la responsabilidad de mantener a la familia he is responsible for supporting the family
    un puesto de mucha responsabilidad a post which involves a great deal of responsibility
    tenemos que afrontar nuestras responsabilidades we must face up to our responsibilities
    tiene un gran sentido de la responsabilidad she has a strong sense of responsibility
    B ( Der) (culpa) responsibility; (obligación de indemnizar) liability
    cargó con toda la responsabilidad para no involucrarme a mí she took full responsibility so as not to involve me
    se les imputa la responsabilidad de varios robos a mano armada they are thought to be responsible for several armed robberies
    exigen responsabilidades al gobernador por … the governor is being held accountable for …
    Compuestos:
    civil liability
    ● responsabilidad criminal or penal
    criminal responsibility
    * * *

     

    responsabilidad sustantivo femenino
    responsibility;

    tener sentido de la responsabilidad to have a sense of responsibility;
    cargó con toda la responsabilidad she took full responsibility
    responsabilidad sustantivo femenino responsibility, liability

    ' responsabilidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apelar
    - capear
    - cargar
    - cargo
    - competencia
    - culpa
    - formalidad
    - imputar
    - ligereza
    - limitada
    - limitado
    - mayor
    - mi
    - mucha
    - mucho
    - recaer
    - sobre
    - solvencia
    - afrontar
    - agobiar
    - asumir
    - atenuar
    - atribuir
    - carga
    - conferir
    - confiar
    - conllevar
    - cuenta
    - enfrentar
    - esquivar
    - evadir
    - frente
    - librar
    - menguar
    - pecho
    - peso
    - seriedad
    - sobrecargar
    - sociedad
    English:
    accept
    - blame
    - business
    - carry
    - disclaimer
    - down
    - elude
    - extend
    - fault
    - job
    - liability
    - obligation
    - onus
    - peril
    - quit
    - responsibility
    - responsible
    - responsibly
    - risk
    - shun
    - take upon
    - undertake
    - buck
    - commitment
    - reliability
    - shift
    - trust
    * * *
    1. [obligación] responsibility;
    Der liability;
    es responsabilidad suya atender el teléfono it's her job to answer the phone;
    exigir responsabilidad a alguien por algo to call sb to account for sth;
    no quiero que recaiga sobre mí esa responsabilidad I don't want that responsibility to fall on my shoulders;
    tener la responsabilidad de algo to be responsible for sth;
    los padres tienen la responsabilidad de alimentar a los hijos fathers are responsible for feeding their children;
    no tuve ninguna responsabilidad en el accidente I was not in the least to blame for the accident
    Der responsabilidad atenuada diminished responsibility; Der responsabilidad civil civil liability;
    responsabilidad ilimitada unlimited liability;
    responsabilidad limitada limited liability;
    Der responsabilidad penal criminal liability
    2. [cualidad] responsibility;
    tiene un gran sentido de la responsabilidad she has a strong sense of responsibility
    3. [importancia] responsibility;
    puesto de responsabilidad senior position;
    no quiero tareas de tanta responsabilidad I don't want to do tasks which involve so much responsibility
    * * *
    f responsibility
    * * *
    : responsibility
    * * *
    responsabilidad n responsibility [pl. responsibilities]

    Spanish-English dictionary > responsabilidad

  • 3 unir

    v.
    1 to join (juntar) (pedazos, habitaciones).
    unió los dos palos con una cuerda he joined o tied the two sticks together with a piece of string
    Ellos unieron las telas They joined the fabrics.
    Ellos unieron los equipos They merged the teams.
    2 to connect, to link (comunicar) (ciudades, terminales, aparatos).
    El cable une la tubería The wire connects the tubing.
    3 to combine.
    en su obra une belleza y técnica her work combines beauty with technique
    unir algo a algo to add something to something
    4 to draw together, to assemble, to unify.
    El amor une a las personas Love draws people together.
    * * *
    1 (juntar) to unite, join, join together
    2 (combinar) to combine (a, with)
    3 (enlazar) to link (a, to)
    \
    unirse en matrimonio formal to unite in marriage
    * * *
    verb
    to unite, join, link
    - unirse a
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=acercar)
    a) [+ grupos, tendencias, pueblos] to unite
    b) [sentimientos] to unite
    c) [lazos] to link, bind
    2) (=atar) [contrato] to bind
    3) (=asociar, agrupar) to combine

    el esquí de fondo une dos actividades: montañismo y esquí — cross-country skiing combines two activities: mountaineering and skiing

    4) (=conectar) [carretera, vuelo, ferrocarril] to link ( con with)
    5) [+ objetos, piezas] [gen] to join, join together; [con pegamento, celo] to stick together; [con clavos, puntas] to fasten together
    6) (Culin) [+ líquidos] to mix; [+ salsa] to blend
    7) (Com) [+ compañías, intereses] to merge
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < cables> to join; (con cola, pegamento) to stick... together; < esfuerzos> to combine

    los unió en matrimonio — (frml) he joined them in matrimony (frml)

    b) sentimientos/intereses to unite

    unida sentimentalmente a... — (period) romantically involved with...

    c) <características/cualidades/estilos> to combine
    2) ( comunicar) < lugares> to link
    3) ( fusionar) <empresas/organizaciones> to merge
    4) < salsa> to mix
    2.
    unirse v pron
    1)
    a) ( aliarse) personas/colectividades to join together
    b) características/cualidades to combine
    2) ( juntarse) caminos to converge, meet
    3) ( fusionarse) empresas/organizaciones to merge
    * * *
    = aggregate, bridge, connect, join together, link, marry, string, unite, confound, piece together, weld into/together, splice, bundle, pool, band, bind + Nombre + together, knit, knit, federate, conjoin, cement.
    Ex. You have attempted to aggregate the UDC class number incorrectly.
    Ex. BLAISE offers a variety of services bridging the cataloguing and information retrieval functions.
    Ex. Plainly, it is not always the case that there is a connection between farming and spelling, and many other documents can be identified where these subjects are not connected.
    Ex. A portfolio is a container for holding loose materials, e.g. paintings, drawings, papers, unbound sections of a book, and similar materials, consisting of two covers joined together at the back.
    Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex. At that time OCLC was already going strong, and we tried to find some backing from the State of New York and possibly from the federal government to marry those two systems.
    Ex. There is no question of stringing together simple concepts in a preferred citation order to produce a single index description of the summarized subject content of a document.
    Ex. It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex. The confounding of opposites is also common though, again, care has to be taken to see that we do not confound two subjects on which extensive literature exists.
    Ex. During his stay in Laputa, Captain Gulliver was very impressed by a book-writing machine which produced fragments of sentences which were dictated to scribes and later pieced together.
    Ex. The Department of Trade and Industry has undergone many changes over the years; it has been split into two separate departments and welded together again.
    Ex. A filmloop is a short length of film enclosed in a cassette and with the end of the film spliced on to the beginning so that it requires no rewinding.
    Ex. CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex. The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex. The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex. People value the public library highly as an educational and community resource and the library acts as an 'information junction' to bind the community together.
    Ex. I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.
    Ex. I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.
    Ex. The usefulness of the many online periodicals and scientific digital libraries that exist today is limited by the inability to federate these resources through a unified interface.
    Ex. The grotesque is an effect achieved by conjoining disparate framents which do not realistically belong together.
    Ex. An in-house bulletin may serve to cement firm relationships with the library's personnel.
    ----
    * conseguir unir = rally.
    * unir a = tie (to), couple with.
    * unir esfuerzos = join + hands.
    * unir fuerzas = join + forces, pool + forces.
    * unir inextricablemente = interweave.
    * unir mediante espigas = tenon.
    * unir mediante hiperenlaces = hotlink [hot-link].
    * unir mediante mortaja = mortise.
    * unirse = come together, partner, bond, stand up as + one.
    * unirse a = ally with, join, hop on, join + Posesivo + ranks.
    * unirse a una conversación = chime in.
    * unirse en matrimonio = tie + the knot.
    * unir sin solapar = butt together.
    * volverse a unir a = rejoin.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < cables> to join; (con cola, pegamento) to stick... together; < esfuerzos> to combine

    los unió en matrimonio — (frml) he joined them in matrimony (frml)

    b) sentimientos/intereses to unite

    unida sentimentalmente a... — (period) romantically involved with...

    c) <características/cualidades/estilos> to combine
    2) ( comunicar) < lugares> to link
    3) ( fusionar) <empresas/organizaciones> to merge
    4) < salsa> to mix
    2.
    unirse v pron
    1)
    a) ( aliarse) personas/colectividades to join together
    b) características/cualidades to combine
    2) ( juntarse) caminos to converge, meet
    3) ( fusionarse) empresas/organizaciones to merge
    * * *
    = aggregate, bridge, connect, join together, link, marry, string, unite, confound, piece together, weld into/together, splice, bundle, pool, band, bind + Nombre + together, knit, knit, federate, conjoin, cement.

    Ex: You have attempted to aggregate the UDC class number incorrectly.

    Ex: BLAISE offers a variety of services bridging the cataloguing and information retrieval functions.
    Ex: Plainly, it is not always the case that there is a connection between farming and spelling, and many other documents can be identified where these subjects are not connected.
    Ex: A portfolio is a container for holding loose materials, e.g. paintings, drawings, papers, unbound sections of a book, and similar materials, consisting of two covers joined together at the back.
    Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex: At that time OCLC was already going strong, and we tried to find some backing from the State of New York and possibly from the federal government to marry those two systems.
    Ex: There is no question of stringing together simple concepts in a preferred citation order to produce a single index description of the summarized subject content of a document.
    Ex: It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex: The confounding of opposites is also common though, again, care has to be taken to see that we do not confound two subjects on which extensive literature exists.
    Ex: During his stay in Laputa, Captain Gulliver was very impressed by a book-writing machine which produced fragments of sentences which were dictated to scribes and later pieced together.
    Ex: The Department of Trade and Industry has undergone many changes over the years; it has been split into two separate departments and welded together again.
    Ex: A filmloop is a short length of film enclosed in a cassette and with the end of the film spliced on to the beginning so that it requires no rewinding.
    Ex: CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex: The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex: The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex: People value the public library highly as an educational and community resource and the library acts as an 'information junction' to bind the community together.
    Ex: I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.
    Ex: I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.
    Ex: The usefulness of the many online periodicals and scientific digital libraries that exist today is limited by the inability to federate these resources through a unified interface.
    Ex: The grotesque is an effect achieved by conjoining disparate framents which do not realistically belong together.
    Ex: An in-house bulletin may serve to cement firm relationships with the library's personnel.
    * conseguir unir = rally.
    * unir a = tie (to), couple with.
    * unir esfuerzos = join + hands.
    * unir fuerzas = join + forces, pool + forces.
    * unir inextricablemente = interweave.
    * unir mediante espigas = tenon.
    * unir mediante hiperenlaces = hotlink [hot-link].
    * unir mediante mortaja = mortise.
    * unirse = come together, partner, bond, stand up as + one.
    * unirse a = ally with, join, hop on, join + Posesivo + ranks.
    * unirse a una conversación = chime in.
    * unirse en matrimonio = tie + the knot.
    * unir sin solapar = butt together.
    * volverse a unir a = rejoin.

    * * *
    unir [I1 ]
    vt
    A
    1
    «persona»: unió los trozos con un pegamento she stuck the pieces together with glue
    unió los cables con cinta aislante he joined the wires with insulating tape
    ha unido dos estilos muy diferentes he has combined two very different styles
    el sacerdote los unió en matrimonio ( frml); the priest joined them in matrimony ( frml)
    unamos nuestros esfuerzos let us combine our efforts
    2 «sentimientos/intereses» to unite
    los unía el deseo de … they were united by their desire to …
    los une su afición al deporte their love of sport binds them together o acts as a bond between them o unites them
    el amor que nos une the love which unites us
    unida sentimentalmente a … ( period); romantically involved with …
    3 ‹características/cualidades› unir algo A algo to combine sth WITH sth
    une a su inteligencia una gran madurez he combines intelligence with great maturity
    B (comunicar) to link
    la nueva carretera une los dos pueblos the new road links the two towns
    el puente aéreo que une las dos ciudades the shuttle service which runs between o links the two cities
    C ‹salsa› to mix
    ■ unirse
    A
    1 (aliarse) «personas/colectividades» to join together
    se unieron para hacer un frente común they joined forces o united in a common cause
    los dos países se unieron en una federación the two countries joined together to form a federation
    se unieron en matrimonio they were married, they were joined in matrimony ( frml)
    varias empresas se unieron para formar un consorcio several companies joined together o came together o combined to form a consortium
    unirse A algo:
    se unió a nuestra causa he joined our cause
    2 «características/cualidades» to combine
    en él se unen la ambición y el orgullo ambition and pride come together o combine in him, he combines ambition with pride
    a su belleza se une una gran simpatía her beauty is combined with a very likable personality
    B (juntarse) «caminos» to converge, meet
    donde el tráfico del oeste se une con el del norte where traffic from the west converges with o meets traffic from the north
    * * *

     

    unir ( conjugate unir) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ cables› to join;

    (con cola, pegamento) to stick … together;
    ‹ esfuerzos› to combine
    b) [sentimientos/intereses] to unite

    c) ‹características/cualidades/estilos› to combine;

    unir algo a algo to combine sth with sth
    2 ( comunicar) ‹ lugares› to link
    3 ( fusionar) ‹empresas/organizaciones› to merge
    unirse verbo pronominal
    1 ( aliarse) [personas/colectividades] to join together;

    2 ( juntarse) [ caminos] to converge, meet
    3 ( fusionarse) [empresas/organizaciones] to merge
    unir verbo transitivo
    1 (cables, conexiones) to join, unite
    2 (esfuerzos, intereses) to join
    (asociar, fusionar) unieron sus empresas, they merged their companies
    3 (comunicar) to link: ese camino une las dos aldeas, that path links the two villages
    ' unir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acercar
    - casar
    - empalmar
    - fundir
    - juntar
    - ligar
    - remachar
    - vincular
    English:
    bond
    - cement
    - connect
    - couple
    - join
    - join up
    - link
    - neither
    - screw together
    - stick together
    - unite
    - yoke
    - amalgamate
    - bring
    - marry
    - reunite
    - splice
    - unify
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [juntar] [pedazos, piezas, habitaciones] to join;
    [empresas, estados, facciones] to unite; Informát [archivos] to merge;
    unió los dos palos con una cuerda he joined o tied the two sticks with a piece of string;
    debemos unir fuerzas we must combine forces
    2. [relacionar] [personas]
    aquella experiencia les unió mucho that experience made them very close;
    les une una fuerte amistad they are very close friends, they share a very close friendship;
    les une su pasión por la música they share a passion for music;
    los lazos que nos unen the ties that bind us;
    Formal
    unir a dos personas en (santo) matrimonio to join two people in (holy) matrimony
    3. [comunicar] [ciudades, terminales, aparatos] to connect, to link;
    la línea férrea que une la capital a o [m5] con la costa the railway o US railroad between o which links the capital and the coast
    4. [combinar] to combine;
    en su obra une belleza y técnica her work combines beauty with technique;
    unir algo a algo [añadir] to add sth to sth;
    a la desinformación hay que unir también el desinterés de la gente in addition to the lack of information, we have to take into account people's lack of interest
    5. [mezclar] to mix o blend in;
    una la mantequilla con el azúcar cream together the butter and the sugar
    * * *
    v/t
    1 join
    2 personas unite
    3 características combine ( con with)
    4 ciudades link
    * * *
    unir vt
    1) juntar: to unite, to join, to link
    2) combinar: to combine, to blend
    * * *
    unir vb
    1. (juntar) to join
    2. (comunicar) to link
    3. (relacionar) to unite

    Spanish-English dictionary > unir

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 prestación

    f.
    fringe benefit, benefit.
    * * *
    1 (servicio) service
    2 (de la Seguridad Social) benefit, allowance
    3 (características - de una cuenta bancaria) yield; (- de un coche, electrodoméstico) performance
    \
    prestación por desempleo unemployment benefit
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=subsidio) benefit; Méx fringe benefit, perk *

    prestación asistencial — social security benefit, welfare benefit (EEUU)

    prestación por desempleo — unemployment benefit, unemployment compensation (EEUU)

    prestaciones sociales — (=dinero) social security benefits; (=servicios) social services

    2) (=acción)

    prestación de juramento — oath-taking, swearing in

    3) (Econ) (=préstamo) lending, loan
    4) pl prestaciones (Téc, Inform) features, facilities; (Aut) (=equipamiento) features; (=rendimiento) performance sing
    * * *
    1) ( de servicio) provision
    2) prestaciones femenino plural (Servs Socs) benefits (pl), assistance
    3)
    a) (Tec) feature
    b) prestaciones femenino plural (Auto) performance
    * * *
    = benefit, capability, delivery, facility, feature, feature, value, functionality, provision, service.
    Ex. Community education is another form of outreach that aims to educate the public about the availability of services that can help them, about their entitlement to benefits, or about their rights under the law.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS contains a so-called 'help' capability.
    Ex. Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    Ex. Apart from this additional facility Double-KWIC indexes have most of the facilities, features and drawbacks of KWIC and KWOC indexes.
    Ex. Another way of doing this search is to use the lateral searching feature.
    Ex. Electronic Maildrop is an online document ordering feature, where documents can be ordered from various suppliers.
    Ex. This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex. This article describes the functionality of CARL software for this purpose, loads a brief rundown of data bases, and gives the criteria for selecting data bases.
    Ex. Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.
    Ex. 'All aboard the orientation express' is a programme to introduce children to the services provided by the library and teach them to use the microfiche catalogue.
    ----
    * con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.
    * con todas las prestaciones = full-featured.
    * con todas sus prestaciones = fully featured.
    * esbozar prestaciones = outline + capabilities.
    * ofrecer una prestación = offer + facility.
    * prestación al empleado = employee benefit.
    * prestación de lujo = luxury appointment.
    * prestación de servicios = service delivery.
    * prestaciones del ordenador = computer's capabilities.
    * prestación familiar = family allowance.
    * prestación sanitaria = health benefit.
    * prestación social sustitutoria = community service.
    * * *
    1) ( de servicio) provision
    2) prestaciones femenino plural (Servs Socs) benefits (pl), assistance
    3)
    a) (Tec) feature
    b) prestaciones femenino plural (Auto) performance
    * * *
    = benefit, capability, delivery, facility, feature, feature, value, functionality, provision, service.

    Ex: Community education is another form of outreach that aims to educate the public about the availability of services that can help them, about their entitlement to benefits, or about their rights under the law.

    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS contains a so-called 'help' capability.
    Ex: Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    Ex: Apart from this additional facility Double-KWIC indexes have most of the facilities, features and drawbacks of KWIC and KWOC indexes.
    Ex: Another way of doing this search is to use the lateral searching feature.
    Ex: Electronic Maildrop is an online document ordering feature, where documents can be ordered from various suppliers.
    Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex: This article describes the functionality of CARL software for this purpose, loads a brief rundown of data bases, and gives the criteria for selecting data bases.
    Ex: Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.
    Ex: 'All aboard the orientation express' is a programme to introduce children to the services provided by the library and teach them to use the microfiche catalogue.
    * con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.
    * con todas las prestaciones = full-featured.
    * con todas sus prestaciones = fully featured.
    * esbozar prestaciones = outline + capabilities.
    * ofrecer una prestación = offer + facility.
    * prestación al empleado = employee benefit.
    * prestación de lujo = luxury appointment.
    * prestación de servicios = service delivery.
    * prestaciones del ordenador = computer's capabilities.
    * prestación familiar = family allowance.
    * prestación sanitaria = health benefit.
    * prestación social sustitutoria = community service.

    * * *
    A (de un servicio) provision
    la prestación de servicios especiales the provision of special services
    la prestación de ayuda a las víctimas giving help to the victims
    B prestaciones fpl ( Servs Socs) benefits (pl), assistance
    prestaciones económicas en casos de invalidez financial assistance in cases of disability
    prestaciones por desempleo unemployment benefit, unemployment compensation ( AmE)
    las prestaciones sociales se van mermando welfare ( AmE) o ( BrE) social security benefits are being eroded
    C
    1 ( Tec) feature
    ofrece toda una serie de prestaciones profesionales it has a whole range of professional features
    2 prestaciones fpl ( Auto) performance
    * * *

     

    prestación sustantivo femenino
    1 (de un servicio, ayuda) provision, assistance
    prestación por desempleo, unemployment benefit 2 prestaciones, (de un coche) performance, features pl
    ' prestación' also found in these entries:
    English:
    applicant
    - benefit
    - allowance
    * * *
    1. [de servicio] [acción] provision;
    [resultado] service
    2. [subsidio] benefit
    prestaciones por desempleo unemployment benefit;
    prestación por incapacidad Br incapacity o US disability benefit;
    prestación social social security benefit, US welfare;
    prestación social sustitutoria = community service done as alternative to military service
    3.
    prestaciones [de coche] performance features
    * * *
    f provision
    * * *
    prestación n (ayuda económica) benefit / allowance

    Spanish-English dictionary > prestación

  • 6 acuerdo

    m.
    1 agreement (pacto).
    llegar a un acuerdo to reach (an) agreement
    acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
    acuerdo tácito tacit agreement
    2 resolution.
    3 settlement of a claim.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: acordar.
    * * *
    1 agreement
    \
    ¡de acuerdo! all right!, O.K.!
    de acuerdo con in accordance with
    de común acuerdo by mutual agreement, by common consent
    estar de acuerdo to agree ( con, with)
    llegar a un acuerdo to come to an agreement
    acuerdo marco framework agreement
    * * *
    noun m.
    agreement, deal, understanding
    - de acuerdo con
    - estar de acuerdo
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=decisión conjunta) agreement; [implícito, informal] understanding; [de negocios] deal

    • de común acuerdo — by mutual agreement, by mutual consent

    • de o por mutuo acuerdo — by mutual agreement, by mutual consent

    • tomar un acuerdo, no tomaron ni un solo acuerdo en la reunión — nothing was agreed on in the meeting

    acuerdo de desarme — disarmament agreement, arms agreement

    acuerdo de pago respectivo — (Com) knock-for-knock agreement, no-fault agreement (EEUU)

    acuerdo tácito — unspoken agreement, tacit agreement

    2)

    • de acuerdo —

    a) [independiente] OK, all right

    sí, de acuerdo — yes, OK, yes, all right

    cada uno pondremos 40 euros ¿de acuerdo? — we'll each put in 40 euros, OK o all right?

    b)

    • estar de acuerdo — to agree, be in agreement frm

    en eso estamos de acuerdo — we agree on that, we're in agreement on that frm

    c)

    • ponerse de acuerdo — to come to an agreement, reach (an) agreement

    aún no nos hemos puesto de acuerdo — we still haven't come to an agreement, we still haven reached (an) agreement

    d)

    • de acuerdo con — according to, in accordance with frm

    todo se hizo de acuerdo con las reglas — everything was done according to o frm in accordance with the regulations

    de acuerdo con el artículo 27 — as laid down in article 27, in accordance with article 27 frm

    de acuerdo con estas fuentes, las dos mujeres fueron secuestradas — according to these sources, the two women were kidnapped

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( arreglo) agreement

    llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo — to reach an agreement

    b) ( pacto) agreement

    acuerdo de paz — peace agreement o (frml) accord

    a)

    de acuerdo: estar de acuerdo to agree; ponerse de acuerdo to come to o reach an agreement; estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on something; estamos de acuerdo en que... we all agree o we're all agreed that...; estar de acuerdo con alguien/algo to agree with somebody/something; no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't think we should pay him so much; ¿mañana a las ocho? - de acuerdo — (indep) tomorrow at eight? - OK o all right

    b)

    de acuerdo con or a — in accordance with

    * * *
    = agreement, arrangement, compromise, convention, partnership, understanding, covenant, accord, partnering, pact, accommodation, bargaining, settlement.
    Ex. Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.
    Ex. This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex. A compromise between expressive and non-expressive notation is to be found in the Second Edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification Scheme.
    Ex. Enter a concordat, 'modus vivendi', convention, or other formal agreement between the Holy See and a national government or other political jurisdiction under the party whose catalogue entry heading is first in English alphabetic order.
    Ex. The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex. A basic understanding in the concept of these libraries was the desire to confront the user with shelved books on entering and while moving through the building.
    Ex. The article 'Public library: the Trojan Horse covenant' argues that too much emphasis is now placed on the privatisation of libraries, their transformation into information centres and collections which mirror current demands.
    Ex. Only then, within the framework of inter-institutional accord, will academic library cooperative activities move forward more rapidly and purposefully.
    Ex. These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex. Issues discussed at some length included problems arising from a recent copyright pact with the USA and how each country can obtain access to the best literature of the other.
    Ex. Whatever structure emerges will be one of accommodation and acceptance by the various stakeholders both in and outside the library.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Participatory something or other through bargaining'.
    Ex. These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.
    ----
    * aceptar los términos de un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * acuerdo bilateral = bilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo con el fiscal = plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo con el juez = plea bargaining, plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo contractual = contractual agreement.
    * acuerdo de colaboración = collaborative partnership, partnership agreement.
    * acuerdo de cooperación = collaborative partnership.
    * acuerdo de licencia = licensing agreement, licensing arrangement.
    * acuerdo de paz = peace agreement.
    * acuerdo económico = financial arrangement.
    * acuerdo escrito = written agreement.
    * acuerdo financiero = financial arrangement.
    * Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
    * acuerdo internacional = modus vivendi.
    * acuerdo legal = legal agreement, legal settlement.
    * acuerdo multilateral = multilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo muto = meeting of (the) minds.
    * acuerdo salarial = salary agreement.
    * acuerdo secreto = secret deal.
    * acuerdo sindical = union contract.
    * acuerdo sobre el precio mínimo de los libros = net book agreement.
    * acuerdo verbal = verbal agreement.
    * alcanzar un acuerdo = reach + agreement, reach + compromise, hammer out + agreement.
    * celebrar un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * compras fuera de acuerdos con proveedores = maverick spending.
    * concertar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * contraer un acuerdo = contract + agreement.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * críticos + no estar de acuerdo = critics + be divided.
    * cumplir (con) un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement, fill + Posesivo + agreement.
    * de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.
    * de acuerdo a = according to.
    * de acuerdo con = according to, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, judging from.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.
    * de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de acuerdo con + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, going on + Nombre.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + view.
    * dependiendo del acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * elaborar un acuerdo = draw up + agreement.
    * establecer un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * estando de acuerdo = approvingly.
    * estar completamente de acuerdo con = agree + wholeheartedly with.
    * estar de acuerdo = approve, be in agreement, concur (with), be agreed.
    * estar de acuerdo con = accord with, conform to, fit, go along with, fit with, be in conformity with, mesh with, jive with.
    * estar de acuerdo (con = see + eye to eye (with/on).
    * estar de acuerdo en que no + estar + de acuerdo = agree to + disagree.
    * estar de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * estar de acuerdo unánimemente = agree on + all hands.
    * estar totalmente de acuerdo con = be all for.
    * firmar acuerdo = write + agreement.
    * firmar un acuerdo = tie + the knot.
    * llegar a acuerdo = make + arrangements.
    * llegar a un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, reach + agreement, make + an undertaking, make + bargain, come to + consensus, reach + understanding, have + meeting of the minds, reach + consensus, hammer out + agreement, develop + compromise, work out + agreement, strike + deal, conclude + deal.
    * negociar un acuerdo = negotiate + agreement.
    * no estar de acuerdo = be at variance, disagree, beg to differ.
    * no estar de acuerdo (con) = disapprove (of).
    * no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * renegociar un acuerdo = renegotiate + agreement.
    * respetar un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement.
    * romper un acuerdo = sever + arrangement.
    * si se llega a un acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.
    * tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.
    * todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.
    * vivir de acuerdo con + Posesivo + ideales = live up to + Posesivo + ideals.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( arreglo) agreement

    llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo — to reach an agreement

    b) ( pacto) agreement

    acuerdo de paz — peace agreement o (frml) accord

    a)

    de acuerdo: estar de acuerdo to agree; ponerse de acuerdo to come to o reach an agreement; estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on something; estamos de acuerdo en que... we all agree o we're all agreed that...; estar de acuerdo con alguien/algo to agree with somebody/something; no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't think we should pay him so much; ¿mañana a las ocho? - de acuerdo — (indep) tomorrow at eight? - OK o all right

    b)

    de acuerdo con or a — in accordance with

    * * *
    = agreement, arrangement, compromise, convention, partnership, understanding, covenant, accord, partnering, pact, accommodation, bargaining, settlement.

    Ex: Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.

    Ex: This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.
    Ex: A compromise between expressive and non-expressive notation is to be found in the Second Edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification Scheme.
    Ex: Enter a concordat, 'modus vivendi', convention, or other formal agreement between the Holy See and a national government or other political jurisdiction under the party whose catalogue entry heading is first in English alphabetic order.
    Ex: The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex: A basic understanding in the concept of these libraries was the desire to confront the user with shelved books on entering and while moving through the building.
    Ex: The article 'Public library: the Trojan Horse covenant' argues that too much emphasis is now placed on the privatisation of libraries, their transformation into information centres and collections which mirror current demands.
    Ex: Only then, within the framework of inter-institutional accord, will academic library cooperative activities move forward more rapidly and purposefully.
    Ex: These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex: Issues discussed at some length included problems arising from a recent copyright pact with the USA and how each country can obtain access to the best literature of the other.
    Ex: Whatever structure emerges will be one of accommodation and acceptance by the various stakeholders both in and outside the library.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Participatory something or other through bargaining'.
    Ex: These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.
    * aceptar los términos de un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * acuerdo bilateral = bilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo con el fiscal = plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo con el juez = plea bargaining, plea bargaining.
    * acuerdo contractual = contractual agreement.
    * acuerdo de colaboración = collaborative partnership, partnership agreement.
    * acuerdo de cooperación = collaborative partnership.
    * acuerdo de licencia = licensing agreement, licensing arrangement.
    * acuerdo de paz = peace agreement.
    * acuerdo económico = financial arrangement.
    * acuerdo escrito = written agreement.
    * acuerdo financiero = financial arrangement.
    * Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
    * acuerdo internacional = modus vivendi.
    * acuerdo legal = legal agreement, legal settlement.
    * acuerdo multilateral = multilateral agreement.
    * acuerdo muto = meeting of (the) minds.
    * acuerdo salarial = salary agreement.
    * acuerdo secreto = secret deal.
    * acuerdo sindical = union contract.
    * acuerdo sobre el precio mínimo de los libros = net book agreement.
    * acuerdo verbal = verbal agreement.
    * alcanzar un acuerdo = reach + agreement, reach + compromise, hammer out + agreement.
    * celebrar un acuerdo = enter into + agreement.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * compras fuera de acuerdos con proveedores = maverick spending.
    * concertar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * contraer un acuerdo = contract + agreement.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * críticos + no estar de acuerdo = critics + be divided.
    * cumplir (con) un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement, fill + Posesivo + agreement.
    * de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.
    * de acuerdo a = according to.
    * de acuerdo con = according to, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, judging from.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.
    * de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.
    * de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.
    * de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de acuerdo con + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, going on + Nombre.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + view.
    * dependiendo del acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * elaborar un acuerdo = draw up + agreement.
    * establecer un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * estando de acuerdo = approvingly.
    * estar completamente de acuerdo con = agree + wholeheartedly with.
    * estar de acuerdo = approve, be in agreement, concur (with), be agreed.
    * estar de acuerdo con = accord with, conform to, fit, go along with, fit with, be in conformity with, mesh with, jive with.
    * estar de acuerdo (con = see + eye to eye (with/on).
    * estar de acuerdo en que no + estar + de acuerdo = agree to + disagree.
    * estar de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * estar de acuerdo unánimemente = agree on + all hands.
    * estar totalmente de acuerdo con = be all for.
    * firmar acuerdo = write + agreement.
    * firmar un acuerdo = tie + the knot.
    * llegar a acuerdo = make + arrangements.
    * llegar a un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, reach + agreement, make + an undertaking, make + bargain, come to + consensus, reach + understanding, have + meeting of the minds, reach + consensus, hammer out + agreement, develop + compromise, work out + agreement, strike + deal, conclude + deal.
    * negociar un acuerdo = negotiate + agreement.
    * no estar de acuerdo = be at variance, disagree, beg to differ.
    * no estar de acuerdo (con) = disapprove (of).
    * no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * renegociar un acuerdo = renegotiate + agreement.
    * respetar un acuerdo = honour + commitment, honour + agreement.
    * romper un acuerdo = sever + arrangement.
    * si se llega a un acuerdo = subject to + agreement.
    * si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.
    * tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.
    * todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.
    * vivir de acuerdo con + Posesivo + ideales = live up to + Posesivo + ideals.

    * * *
    A
    1 (arreglo) agreement
    llegar a or alcanzar un acuerdo to reach an agreement
    se separaron de común acuerdo they separated by mutual agreement
    2 (pacto) agreement
    un acuerdo verbal a verbal agreement
    los acuerdos de paz the peace agreements o ( frml) accords
    Compuestos:
    (UE) association agreement
    outline agreement
    prenuptial agreement
    wage settlement
    B ( en locs)
    1
    al final se pusieron de acuerdo in the end they came to o reached an agreement
    de acuerdo EN algo:
    están de acuerdo en todo they agree on everything
    estamos de acuerdo en que va a ser difícil we all agree o we're all agreed that it's going to be difficult
    estar de acuerdo CON algn/algo to agree WITH sb/sth
    sobre ese punto estoy de acuerdo con ellos I agree with them on that point
    no estoy de acuerdo contigo I don't agree with you, I disagree with you
    no estoy de acuerdo con pagarle tanto I don't agree o I disagree with paying him so much
    no estoy de acuerdo con lo que acabas de decir I don't agree with what you've just said
    2
    de acuerdo ( indep) OK, okay
    ¿mañana a las ocho? — de acuerdo tomorrow at eight? — OK o all right
    salimos a las 6 ¿de acuerdo? we leave at 6, OK o okay?
    3
    de acuerdo con or a ( loc prep) in accordance with
    de acuerdo con lo establecido en el contrato in accordance with what is laid down in the contract ( frml), as laid down in the contract
    * * *

     

    Del verbo acordar: ( conjugate acordar)

    acuerdo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    acordar    
    acuerdo
    acordar ( conjugate acordar) verbo transitivo ‹ términos› to agree;
    ‹precio/fecha› to agree (on)
    ■ verbo intransitivo (Andes) ( recordar) acuerdole a algn de hacer algo/que haga algo to remind sb to do sth
    acordarse verbo pronominal
    to remember;

    acuerdose de algn/algo to remember sb/sth;
    no quiero ni acuerdome I don't even want to think about it;
    acuerdose de hacer algo (de una acción que hay/había que realizar) to remember to do sth;

    ( de una acción que ya se realizó) to remember o recall doing sth;
    ◊ se acordó de haberlo visto allí she remembered o recalled seeing him there;

    acuerdose (de) que … to remember that …
    acuerdo sustantivo masculino
    a) (arreglo, pacto) agreement;

    ◊ llegar a un acuerdo to reach an agreement; acuerdo de paz peace agreement o (frml) accord

    b)


    ponerse de acuerdo to come to o reach an agreement;
    estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on something;
    estar de acuerdo con algn/algo to agree with sb/sth;
    ¿mañana a las ocho? — de acuerdo ( indep) tomorrow at eight? — OK o all right
    c) de acuerdo con or a in accordance with

    acordar verbo transitivo to agree: los sindicatos acordaron convocar una huelga, the trade unions agreed to call a strike ➣ Ver nota en agree
    acuerdo sustantivo masculino
    1 agreement
    acuerdo marco, framework agreement
    2 (conformidad) estoy de acuerdo contigo, I agree with you
    estoy de acuerdo en que es un disparate, I agree that it's ridiculous
    estábamos de acuerdo en vender la casa, we agreed to sell the house
    nunca se ponen de acuerdo, they never agree ➣ Ver nota en agree
    3 excl (asentimiento) ¡de acuerdo!, all right!, O.K.! ➣ Ver nota en all right
    ♦ Locuciones: de acuerdo con, (según) in accordance with
    de común acuerdo, by common consent
    ' acuerdo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acordarse
    - aunar
    - bien
    - bilateral
    - botepronto
    - cerrar
    - cierta
    - cierto
    - coincidir
    - compromisaria
    - compromisario
    - compromiso
    - comulgar
    - común
    - concesión
    - conforme
    - cumplir
    - dialogar
    - dinamitar
    - entendimiento
    - entorpecer
    - estar
    - excepto
    - luego
    - misma
    - mismo
    - prematrimonial
    - refrendar
    - saldar
    - según
    - sellar
    - suscribir
    - tácita
    - tácito
    - tardía
    - tardío
    - tratado
    - tripartita
    - tripartito
    - unitaria
    - unitario
    - vendedor
    - vendedora
    - verificarse
    - vulnerar
    - acordar
    - alcanzar
    - aplicar
    - aprobación
    - aprobar
    English:
    accord
    - accordance
    - advantageous
    - affirm
    - agree
    - agreeable
    - agreement
    - all right
    - altogether
    - amicable
    - approve
    - approve of
    - arms control
    - arrangement
    - assent
    - back away
    - beg
    - blank
    - bond
    - compromise
    - concur
    - convenient
    - deadlock
    - deal
    - disagree
    - enter into
    - equitable
    - fall through
    - few
    - formalize
    - fulfillment
    - fulfilment
    - full
    - go along with
    - grant
    - hammer out
    - honourable
    - hope
    - horn
    - how
    - informal
    - issue
    - keep
    - keeping
    - lip
    - long-standing
    - many
    - most
    - OK
    - okay
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [determinación, pacto] agreement;
    un acuerdo verbal a verbal agreement;
    llegar a un acuerdo to reach (an) agreement;
    tomar un acuerdo to make a decision;
    no hubo acuerdo they did not reach (an) agreement;
    de común acuerdo by common consent
    acuerdo arancelario tariff agreement;
    acuerdo comercial trade agreement;
    Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;
    Informát acuerdo de licencia licence agreement;
    acuerdo marco general o framework agreement;
    acuerdo de paz peace agreement o deal;
    Fin acuerdo de recompra repurchase agreement;
    acuerdo salarial pay agreement, pay deal;
    acuerdo tácito tacit agreement
    2. Am [recuerdo]
    hazme acuerdo de comprar pan remind me to buy some bread
    3. Méx [reunión] staff meeting
    ♦ de acuerdo loc adv
    1. [conforme]
    estar de acuerdo (con algo/alguien) to agree (with sth/sb);
    estar de acuerdo en algo to agree on sth;
    estamos de acuerdo en que es necesario encontrar una solución we agree that we have to find a solution;
    ponerse de acuerdo (con alguien) to agree (with sb), to come to an agreement (with sb)
    2. [bien, vale] all right;
    lo traeré mañana – de acuerdo I'll bring it tomorrow – all right o fine;
    de acuerdo, me has convencido, lo haremos a tu manera all right, you've convinced me, we'll do it your way
    3.
    de acuerdo con [conforme a] in accordance with;
    de acuerdo con cifras oficiales… according to official figures…
    * * *
    m
    1 agreement;
    acuerdo comercial trade agreement;
    estar de acuerdo con agree with, be in agreement with;
    llegar a un acuerdo, ponerse de acuerdo come to o reach an agreement ( con with);
    tomar un acuerdo reach an agreement;
    de común acuerdo by mutual agreement;
    ¡de acuerdo! all right!, OK!
    2
    :
    de acuerdo con algo in accordance with sth
    * * *
    1) : agreement
    2)
    estar de acuerdo : to agree
    3)
    de acuerdo con : in accordance with
    4)
    de acuerdo : OK, all right
    * * *
    acuerdo n agreement
    de acuerdo all right / OK

    Spanish-English dictionary > acuerdo

  • 7 ampliación

    f.
    1 enlargement, expansion, amplification, augmentation.
    2 extension.
    3 blow-up, blowup.
    4 magnification.
    * * *
    1 enlargement, extension
    2 ARQUITECTURA extension
    3 (fotografía) enlargement
    \
    ampliación de capital increase in capital
    ampliación de estudios furthering of studies
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) extension, expansion
    * * *
    SF (=acción) extension; (Fot) enlargement; (=expansión) expansion

    ampliación de capital, ampliación de capitales — increase of capital

    * * *
    a) (de local, carretera) extension; ( de negocio) expansion
    b) (Com, Fin)

    una ampliación de capital/de plantilla — an increase in capital/in the number of staff

    c) (de conocimientos, vocabulario) widening
    d) (de plazo, período) extension
    e) (Fot) enlargement
    * * *
    = amplification, blow-up, elaboration, enlargement, extension, magnification, broadening, extension, widening.
    Ex. Even with such a limitation and many later supplementations by various hands, by way of addition, correction and amplification, it falls far short of completeness.
    Ex. In most of these cases, however, a limited number of full-size ' blow-ups', on paper, are also produced which can be made available to users who cannot use microfiche.
    Ex. The 1949 code was essentially a greater elaboration of the 1908 code in an attempt to rectify the omissions of the 1908 code.
    Ex. This enlargement of interests forms the basis of the claim to provide an information education appropriate to other than library-type environments.
    Ex. These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex. The inscription, readable without magnification, placed at the top of the microfiche to identify its contents is known as the microfiche header.
    Ex. This article reports on the views a sample of Australian library educators holds about the broadening of library education.
    Ex. This article also describes a multi-million pound extension scheme which is in the course of construction at Glasgow's Mitchell Library = Este artículo también describe una ampliación de varios millones de libras que está en construcción en la Biblioteca Mitchell de Glasgow.
    Ex. Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    ----
    * ampliación de la biblioteca = library extension.
    * ampliación de las responsabilidades laborales = job enrichment.
    * ampliación de responsabilidades laborales = job enlargement.
    * escala de ampliación = enlargement ratio.
    * proyecto de ampliación = addition project.
    * señal de ampliación = extension sign.
    * * *
    a) (de local, carretera) extension; ( de negocio) expansion
    b) (Com, Fin)

    una ampliación de capital/de plantilla — an increase in capital/in the number of staff

    c) (de conocimientos, vocabulario) widening
    d) (de plazo, período) extension
    e) (Fot) enlargement
    * * *
    = amplification, blow-up, elaboration, enlargement, extension, magnification, broadening, extension, widening.

    Ex: Even with such a limitation and many later supplementations by various hands, by way of addition, correction and amplification, it falls far short of completeness.

    Ex: In most of these cases, however, a limited number of full-size ' blow-ups', on paper, are also produced which can be made available to users who cannot use microfiche.
    Ex: The 1949 code was essentially a greater elaboration of the 1908 code in an attempt to rectify the omissions of the 1908 code.
    Ex: This enlargement of interests forms the basis of the claim to provide an information education appropriate to other than library-type environments.
    Ex: These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex: The inscription, readable without magnification, placed at the top of the microfiche to identify its contents is known as the microfiche header.
    Ex: This article reports on the views a sample of Australian library educators holds about the broadening of library education.
    Ex: This article also describes a multi-million pound extension scheme which is in the course of construction at Glasgow's Mitchell Library = Este artículo también describe una ampliación de varios millones de libras que está en construcción en la Biblioteca Mitchell de Glasgow.
    Ex: Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    * ampliación de la biblioteca = library extension.
    * ampliación de las responsabilidades laborales = job enrichment.
    * ampliación de responsabilidades laborales = job enlargement.
    * escala de ampliación = enlargement ratio.
    * proyecto de ampliación = addition project.
    * señal de ampliación = extension sign.

    * * *
    1 (de un local, una carretera) extension; (de negocio) expansion
    2 ( Com, Fin):
    una ampliación de capital an increase in capital
    la ampliación de la plantilla the increase in the number of staff
    3 (de conocimientos, del vocabulario) widening
    el debate sobre la ampliación de esta ley the debate on the broadening o widening of the scope of this law
    4 (de un plazo, período) extension
    5 ( Fot) (procedimiento) enlargement; (copia ampliada) enlargement
    * * *

     

    ampliación sustantivo femenino
    a) (de local, carretera) extension;

    ( de negocio) expansion
    b) (Com, Fin):

    ◊ una ampliación de capital/de personal an increase in capital/in the number of staff

    c) (de conocimientos, vocabulario) widening

    d) (de plazo, período) extension

    e) (Fot) enlargement

    ampliación sustantivo femenino
    1 (de plazo, de duración) extension
    2 (de una construcción grande) enlargement, (de una casa) addition, enlargement, extension
    3 (de negocio) expansion
    4 (de una fotografía, un plano) enlargement
    ' ampliación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    extensión
    English:
    blowup
    - enlargement
    - extension
    * * *
    1. [de negocio] expansion;
    una ampliación de plantilla an increase in staff numbers;
    la ampliación de la Unión Europea the enlargement of the European Union
    Informát ampliación de memoria memory upgrade
    2. [de local, vivienda] extension;
    [de aeropuerto] expansion
    3. Econ ampliación de capital share o equity issue
    4. [de plazo] extension;
    la ampliación del horario de apertura de bares the extension o lengthening of opening hours for bars
    5. [de fotografía] enlargement
    * * *
    f
    1 increase; de negocio expansion; de plazo, edificio extension
    2 FOT enlargement, blow-up
    * * *
    ampliación nf, pl - ciones : expansion, extension
    * * *
    1. (de edificio, plazo) extension
    2. (de negocio) expansion
    3. (de número, cantidad) increase
    4. (de una foto) enlargement

    Spanish-English dictionary > ampliación

  • 8 asignar

    v.
    1 to assign, to allot, to apportion, to distribute.
    2 to ascribe, to assign.
    3 to assign, to confide.
    * * *
    1 to assign, allot, allocate
    2 (nombrar) to appoint, assign
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT (=adjudicar) to assign; [+ recursos etc] to allocate, apportion; [+ labor] to set; (Inform) to allocate; [+ persona] to appoint; [+ causas] to determine
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) (dar, adjudicar) <renta/función/tarea> to assign; < valor> to ascribe; <fondos/parcela> to allocate
    b) ( destinar) < persona> to assign
    * * *
    = allocate, allot, ascribe, assign, earmark, set + aside, put + aside.
    Ex. However, once responsibility has been allocated, the types of names that can arise in headings will be the same for all types of materials.
    Ex. Money is allotted with the library fund subfunction.
    Ex. The citation order PMEST and various other facet formulae can be ascribed to Ranganathan.
    Ex. AACR2 assigns this main entry status to the person who is chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work.
    Ex. Eight thousand Prestel frames were earmarked for community information during the trial period.
    Ex. A special note has been set aside for information about the person who is making the catalog entry.
    Ex. If there is one, the borrower must be notified, and the copy somehow put aside for that borrower for a limited amount of time.
    ----
    * asignar aleatoriamente = randomise [randomize, -USA].
    * asignar dinero = commit + fund.
    * asignar fondos = allocate + funds.
    * asignar la marca de Cutter = Cutter.
    * asignar + Nombre + a + Nombre = place + Nombre + against + Nombre.
    * asignar personal = commit + manpower.
    * asignar responsabilidad = lodge + responsibility.
    * asignar significado = place + interpretation.
    * asignar una cuota = allocate + quota.
    * asignar una notación = allocate + notation.
    * asignar una partida presupuestaria = commit + fund.
    * asignar una tarea = allot + task, set + task, give + task, assign + responsibility, task.
    * asignar un encabezamiento = assign + heading, establish + heading, label with + a heading.
    * asignar un lugar en = give + Nombre + a place in.
    * asignar un presupuesto = allocate + funds, allocate + funds.
    * asignar valor a = attach + value to.
    * sin asignar = unallocated.
    * sin asignar todavía = unassigned.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) (dar, adjudicar) <renta/función/tarea> to assign; < valor> to ascribe; <fondos/parcela> to allocate
    b) ( destinar) < persona> to assign
    * * *
    = allocate, allot, ascribe, assign, earmark, set + aside, put + aside.

    Ex: However, once responsibility has been allocated, the types of names that can arise in headings will be the same for all types of materials.

    Ex: Money is allotted with the library fund subfunction.
    Ex: The citation order PMEST and various other facet formulae can be ascribed to Ranganathan.
    Ex: AACR2 assigns this main entry status to the person who is chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work.
    Ex: Eight thousand Prestel frames were earmarked for community information during the trial period.
    Ex: A special note has been set aside for information about the person who is making the catalog entry.
    Ex: If there is one, the borrower must be notified, and the copy somehow put aside for that borrower for a limited amount of time.
    * asignar aleatoriamente = randomise [randomize, -USA].
    * asignar dinero = commit + fund.
    * asignar fondos = allocate + funds.
    * asignar la marca de Cutter = Cutter.
    * asignar + Nombre + a + Nombre = place + Nombre + against + Nombre.
    * asignar personal = commit + manpower.
    * asignar responsabilidad = lodge + responsibility.
    * asignar significado = place + interpretation.
    * asignar una cuota = allocate + quota.
    * asignar una notación = allocate + notation.
    * asignar una partida presupuestaria = commit + fund.
    * asignar una tarea = allot + task, set + task, give + task, assign + responsibility, task.
    * asignar un encabezamiento = assign + heading, establish + heading, label with + a heading.
    * asignar un lugar en = give + Nombre + a place in.
    * asignar un presupuesto = allocate + funds, allocate + funds.
    * asignar valor a = attach + value to.
    * sin asignar = unallocated.
    * sin asignar todavía = unassigned.

    * * *
    asignar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 (dar, adjudicar) ‹renta/función/tarea› to assign; ‹valor› to ascribe; ‹fondos/parcela› to allocate
    le asignaron el papel de mediador he was assigned the role of mediator, he was appointed o designated to act as mediator
    me asignaron la vacante I was appointed to the post
    le asignaron una beca he was awarded a grant
    dos hechos a los que se asigna especial importancia two facts to which special importance is attached o ascribed
    le asignaron una parcela colindante con el río he was allocated a plot adjacent to the river
    2 (destinar) ‹persona› to assign
    asignar a algn A algo to assign sb TO sth
    lo asignaron al departamento de compras he was assigned to the purchasing department
    * * *

     

    asignar ( conjugate asignar) verbo transitivo
    a) (dar, adjudicar) ‹renta/función/tarea› to assign;

    ‹ valor› to ascribe;
    ‹fondos/parcela› to allocate;

    le asignaron una beca he was awarded a grant
    b) ( destinar) ‹ persona› to assign;

    asignar a algn a algo to assign sb to sth
    asignar verbo transitivo
    1 to assign, allocate
    2 (nombrar) to appoint
    ' asignar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consignar
    - destinar
    English:
    allot
    - appropriate
    - assign
    - commit
    - set
    - allocate
    - cast
    - redeploy
    * * *
    1. [atribuir]
    asignar algo a alguien to assign o allocate sth to sb;
    le han asignado una oficina en el último piso he has been allocated an office on the top floor;
    le asignan siempre los trabajos más difíciles they always give her the hardest jobs;
    asignar importancia a algo to place importance on sth
    2. [destinar]
    asignar a alguien a to assign sb to;
    la asignaron al departamento de relaciones públicas she was assigned to the public relations department
    * * *
    v/t allocate; persona, papel assign
    * * *
    1) : to assign, to allocate
    2) : to appoint

    Spanish-English dictionary > asignar

  • 9 aspecto exterior

    (n.) = facade
    Ex. Other factors that may have affected use were the unattractive facade of the library and cuts in library staffing which limited contact with the community.
    * * *
    (n.) = facade

    Ex: Other factors that may have affected use were the unattractive facade of the library and cuts in library staffing which limited contact with the community.

    Spanish-English dictionary > aspecto exterior

  • 10 bolsa de trabajo

    (en periódico) job section, situations vacant
    * * *
    * * *
    (n.) = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool
    Ex. The paper presents and discusses labour-exchange systems in a small community of 90 peasant families in Santiago Island, Cape Verde.
    Ex. This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.
    Ex. He analyzes the job seeker and the influence of mediating agencies, such as unions, employment bureaus, and help-wanted advertising in the hiring process.
    Ex. This database provides access to a wide range of information, including local news, the housing and employment markets, weather and local events, through some 400 public terminals located in public libraries, employment centres, town-halls, and schools.
    Ex. This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.
    Ex. As a result, job centres must treat employers looking for a prostitute in the same way as those looking for a dental nurse.
    Ex. Most people don't realise that a large percentage of jobs never get advertised and these jobs make up what I call the hidden job pool.
    * * *
    * * *
    (n.) = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool

    Ex: The paper presents and discusses labour-exchange systems in a small community of 90 peasant families in Santiago Island, Cape Verde.

    Ex: This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.
    Ex: He analyzes the job seeker and the influence of mediating agencies, such as unions, employment bureaus, and help-wanted advertising in the hiring process.
    Ex: This database provides access to a wide range of information, including local news, the housing and employment markets, weather and local events, through some 400 public terminals located in public libraries, employment centres, town-halls, and schools.
    Ex: This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.
    Ex: As a result, job centres must treat employers looking for a prostitute in the same way as those looking for a dental nurse.
    Ex: Most people don't realise that a large percentage of jobs never get advertised and these jobs make up what I call the hidden job pool.

    * * *
    employment exchange

    Spanish-English dictionary > bolsa de trabajo

  • 11 convenio

    m.
    agreement.
    convenio salarial wage agreement o settlement
    * * *
    1 agreement, treaty
    \
    convenio colectivo / convenio laboral collective agreement
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) agreement, pact
    * * *

    convenio colectivo — collective bargain, general wages agreement

    * * *
    masculino agreement
    * * *
    = agreement, joint venture, partnership, alliance, partnering, settlement.
    Ex. Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.
    Ex. The Department of Education and IBM embarked on a joint venture to provide network services to elementary and secondary school districts thoughout the state of Indiana.
    Ex. The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex. This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.
    Ex. These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex. These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.
    ----
    * convenio laboral = labour agreement, labour-management agreement.
    * * *
    masculino agreement
    * * *
    = agreement, joint venture, partnership, alliance, partnering, settlement.

    Ex: Complete agreement had not been possible, but the numbers of rules where divergent practices were evident is limited.

    Ex: The Department of Education and IBM embarked on a joint venture to provide network services to elementary and secondary school districts thoughout the state of Indiana.
    Ex: The partnership between the CLT and industry is considered in some detail.
    Ex: This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.
    Ex: These include partnering with: principals, teachers, community members, public librarians and businesses.
    Ex: These settlements require the tobacco companies to make annual payments to the states in perpetuity, with total payments estimated at $246.
    * convenio laboral = labour agreement, labour-management agreement.

    * * *
    agreement
    Compuestos:
    ● convenio colectivo or laboral
    collective agreement ( on wages and working conditions)
    trade agreement
    * * *

     

    convenio sustantivo masculino
    agreement
    convenio sustantivo masculino agreement
    convenio colectivo, collective agreement
    ' convenio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apostilla
    - capitulación
    - homologar
    English:
    accord
    - arrangement
    - covenant
    - package
    - pay agreement
    - settlement
    * * *
    agreement
    Ind convenio colectivo collective agreement;
    convenio salarial wage agreement o settlement
    * * *
    m agreement
    * * *
    pacto: agreement, pact

    Spanish-English dictionary > convenio

  • 12 de algún modo

    = in any way [in anyway], somehow, after a fashion, in some form, some way
    Ex. Well, community information is just about that, helping those who are in anyway disadavantaged find the means to solve their daily problems and to find a better life.
    Ex. If there is one, the borrower must be notified, and the copy somehow put aside for that borrower for a limited amount of time.
    Ex. Koenig had a flat-platen machine working after a fashion in 1811, and a prototype cylinder machine in 1812 = Koenig ya en 1811 tenía una máquina de presión plana que más o menos funcionaba y un prototipo de máquina rotativa en 1812.
    Ex. They ask for humorous plays, for plays with certain historical settings or for plays which incorporate music and singing in some form.
    Ex. Somehow, some way, officials were getting early evacuees out of harm's way as Hurricane Gustav bore down on the central Louisiana coast.
    * * *
    = in any way [in anyway], somehow, after a fashion, in some form, some way

    Ex: Well, community information is just about that, helping those who are in anyway disadavantaged find the means to solve their daily problems and to find a better life.

    Ex: If there is one, the borrower must be notified, and the copy somehow put aside for that borrower for a limited amount of time.
    Ex: Koenig had a flat-platen machine working after a fashion in 1811, and a prototype cylinder machine in 1812 = Koenig ya en 1811 tenía una máquina de presión plana que más o menos funcionaba y un prototipo de máquina rotativa en 1812.
    Ex: They ask for humorous plays, for plays with certain historical settings or for plays which incorporate music and singing in some form.
    Ex: Somehow, some way, officials were getting early evacuees out of harm's way as Hurricane Gustav bore down on the central Louisiana coast.

    Spanish-English dictionary > de algún modo

  • 13 del mismo modo

    = exactly, in the same vein, by the same token
    Ex. With a limited number of exceptions the title proper is transcribed exactly as to order, wording and spelling.
    Ex. In the same vein, the relevant Government department should normally be in the best position to analyze the domestic effect of any Community document.
    Ex. By the same token, knowing the basics of microcomputer technology will help the librarian to appreciate why the computer does what it does with bibliographic records.
    * * *
    = exactly, in the same vein, by the same token

    Ex: With a limited number of exceptions the title proper is transcribed exactly as to order, wording and spelling.

    Ex: In the same vein, the relevant Government department should normally be in the best position to analyze the domestic effect of any Community document.
    Ex: By the same token, knowing the basics of microcomputer technology will help the librarian to appreciate why the computer does what it does with bibliographic records.

    Spanish-English dictionary > del mismo modo

  • 14 en colaboración

    = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership
    Ex. This is a truly collaborative effort involving the Council on Library Resources (CLR) as the management and funding agency and 12 participants from the research library community.
    Ex. Various large abstracting and indexing co-operative ventures or networks have developed their own formats.
    Ex. The International Agricultural Information System, AGRIS, is being compiled jointly by institutions of 117 countries and 14 international organisations.
    Ex. Storytelling is for children, as it was for the human race, a participatory art from which is born a literary consciousness.
    Ex. Such a scheme, though, can only work if libraries act in concert politically to impart new ground rules to users.
    Ex. Two dangerous trysts are spied upon by a third and hostile party, whose presence is detected by the lovers who act in consort to outwit him.
    Ex. The students did not understand how these links should be created and thus could not write collaboratively with the author.
    Ex. The electronic library is a library without walls, a permeable information centre that supports user access to information and collections in a synergistic manner.
    Ex. Human knowledge and machine knowledge can be integrated more synergistically to improve the performance of expert systems.
    Ex. In tandem, tiered instruction and assessment offer the opportunity to analyze the outcomes of specific levels of information literacy.
    Ex. Most of them are mitotically stable, and the integration of the vector into the host genome frequently occurred in a tandem fashion.
    Ex. Given limited resources and complimentary interests, we seek to work in partnership when mutally beneficial.
    * * *
    = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership

    Ex: This is a truly collaborative effort involving the Council on Library Resources (CLR) as the management and funding agency and 12 participants from the research library community.

    Ex: Various large abstracting and indexing co-operative ventures or networks have developed their own formats.
    Ex: The International Agricultural Information System, AGRIS, is being compiled jointly by institutions of 117 countries and 14 international organisations.
    Ex: Storytelling is for children, as it was for the human race, a participatory art from which is born a literary consciousness.
    Ex: Such a scheme, though, can only work if libraries act in concert politically to impart new ground rules to users.
    Ex: Two dangerous trysts are spied upon by a third and hostile party, whose presence is detected by the lovers who act in consort to outwit him.
    Ex: The students did not understand how these links should be created and thus could not write collaboratively with the author.
    Ex: The electronic library is a library without walls, a permeable information centre that supports user access to information and collections in a synergistic manner.
    Ex: Human knowledge and machine knowledge can be integrated more synergistically to improve the performance of expert systems.
    Ex: In tandem, tiered instruction and assessment offer the opportunity to analyze the outcomes of specific levels of information literacy.
    Ex: Most of them are mitotically stable, and the integration of the vector into the host genome frequently occurred in a tandem fashion.
    Ex: Given limited resources and complimentary interests, we seek to work in partnership when mutally beneficial.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en colaboración

  • 15 enérgico

    adj.
    1 energetic, strong, active, powerful.
    2 forceful, high-pressure, aggressive, drastic.
    * * *
    1 energetic, vigorous
    \
    en tono enérgico emphatically
    * * *
    (f. - enérgica)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ [persona] energetic, vigorous; [gesto, habla, tono] emphatic; [esfuerzo] determined; [ejercicio] strenuous; [campaña] vigorous, high-pressure; [medida, golpe] bold, drastic; [ataque] vigorous, strong; [protesta] forceful
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    a) ( físicamente) <ejercicio/movimiento> energetic, strenuous; < persona> energetic, vigorous
    b) (firme, resuelto) < carácter> forceful; <protesta/ataque> vigorous; < medidas> firm, strong; <desmentido/rechazo> flat, firm
    * * *
    = emphatic, energetic, forceful, assertive, aggressive, brisk [brisker -comp., briskest -sup.], spirited, vociferous, vocal, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], power-packed.
    Ex. Her first hint that all was not well was with the sudden appearance of Consuelo Feng, whose no-nonsensen approach to her job was emphasized by the emphactic clicks of her heels along the highly polished terrazzo floors.
    Ex. She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex. The implications are that as resources are become scarcer, librarians will need to adopt more forceful attitudes.
    Ex. I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex. Problem patrons include, but are not limited to, illiterates simply seeking shelter, alcoholics, the homeless, the mentally disturbed, aggressive young people, and those with offensive odours.
    Ex. The classic example quoted by Jourard is the brisk, super-efficient nurse, whose manner appears to be something that she puts on when she dons her uniform.
    Ex. Their aim was to mount a spirited attack on a consumer driven and marketeers' approach to reading and books, and on relativism and populism.
    Ex. The reaction came in 1978 -- a vociferous social demand for reading and learning, including a new interest in librarianship.
    Ex. Koelling has been a vocal advocate for successful digitization projects in the museum community.
    Ex. A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex. He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex. Eating these power-packed vegetables in their natural state especially garlic increases their health benefits.
    ----
    * enérgico, poderoso, contundente, potente, potentísimo, impetuoso, formidable = power-packed.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo
    a) ( físicamente) <ejercicio/movimiento> energetic, strenuous; < persona> energetic, vigorous
    b) (firme, resuelto) < carácter> forceful; <protesta/ataque> vigorous; < medidas> firm, strong; <desmentido/rechazo> flat, firm
    * * *
    = emphatic, energetic, forceful, assertive, aggressive, brisk [brisker -comp., briskest -sup.], spirited, vociferous, vocal, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], power-packed.

    Ex: Her first hint that all was not well was with the sudden appearance of Consuelo Feng, whose no-nonsensen approach to her job was emphasized by the emphactic clicks of her heels along the highly polished terrazzo floors.

    Ex: She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex: The implications are that as resources are become scarcer, librarians will need to adopt more forceful attitudes.
    Ex: I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex: Problem patrons include, but are not limited to, illiterates simply seeking shelter, alcoholics, the homeless, the mentally disturbed, aggressive young people, and those with offensive odours.
    Ex: The classic example quoted by Jourard is the brisk, super-efficient nurse, whose manner appears to be something that she puts on when she dons her uniform.
    Ex: Their aim was to mount a spirited attack on a consumer driven and marketeers' approach to reading and books, and on relativism and populism.
    Ex: The reaction came in 1978 -- a vociferous social demand for reading and learning, including a new interest in librarianship.
    Ex: Koelling has been a vocal advocate for successful digitization projects in the museum community.
    Ex: A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex: He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex: Eating these power-packed vegetables in their natural state especially garlic increases their health benefits.
    * enérgico, poderoso, contundente, potente, potentísimo, impetuoso, formidable = power-packed.

    * * *
    1 (físicamente) ‹ejercicio/movimiento› energetic, strenuous; ‹persona› energetic, vigorous
    le asestó un enérgico golpe en la cabeza she dealt him a fierce o heavy blow to the head
    2 (firme, resuelto) ‹carácter› forceful; ‹protesta› vigorous; ‹medidas› firm, strong
    lanzó un enérgico ataque contra ellos she launched a vigorous o fierce o strong attack on them
    un enérgico desmentido a flat o firm denial
    * * *

    enérgico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo


    b) (firme, resuelto) ‹ carácter› forceful;

    ‹protesta/ataque› vigorous;
    ‹ medidas› firm, strong;
    ‹negativa/rechazo› flat, firm
    enérgico,-a adjetivo
    1 energetic
    con un golpe enérgico, with a vigorous blow
    2 (con decisión) firm
    ' enérgico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    enérgica
    - plumazo
    - decidido
    English:
    active
    - assertive
    - brisk
    - energetic
    - forceful
    - spirited
    - sprightly
    - strenuous
    - strident
    - vigorous
    - vital
    - vociferous
    - emphatic
    - high
    - loud
    - strength
    - strong
    * * *
    enérgico, -a adj
    1. [físicamente] [persona, salto] energetic;
    [golpe] vigorous, powerful; [gesto, movimiento] vigorous, energetic
    2. [decidido, firme] [persona, carácter] forceful;
    [medida] firm; [defensa, protesta] vigorous, energetic; [respuesta] emphatic
    * * *
    adj energetic; fig
    forceful, strong
    * * *
    enérgico, -ca adj
    1) : energetic, vigorous
    2) : forceful, emphatic
    * * *
    1. (persona) energetic / vigorous
    2. (respuesta, medida) strong

    Spanish-English dictionary > enérgico

  • 16 fachada

    f.
    1 façade (architecture).
    2 outward appearance (apariencia).
    es pura fachada it's just a show
    3 title page.
    4 window dressing.
    * * *
    1 ARQUITECTURA façade, front
    2 familiar (apariencia) outward show
    \
    con fachada a facing, overlooking
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de edificio] façade, front; (=medida) frontage

    con fachada al parque — looking towards the park, overlooking the park

    2) (=apariencia) façade

    no tiene más que fachada — it's all just a façade with him, it's all just show with him

    3) ** (=cara) mug **
    4) (Tip) title page
    * * *
    a) ( de edificio) facade (tech), front
    b) ( apariencia) facade
    * * *
    = frontage, facade, front.
    Ex. He glanced casually at the ill-balanced frontages of the buildings ahead that stretched on and on until they melded in an indistinguishable mass of gray at Laurence Street.
    Ex. Other factors that may have affected use were the unattractive facade of the library and cuts in library staffing which limited contact with the community.
    Ex. In addition, one must not forget such mundane matters as door bells ( front and back), a closing bell, fire bells, security alarms and possibly others all of which must be noticeably different.
    * * *
    a) ( de edificio) facade (tech), front
    b) ( apariencia) facade
    * * *
    = frontage, facade, front.

    Ex: He glanced casually at the ill-balanced frontages of the buildings ahead that stretched on and on until they melded in an indistinguishable mass of gray at Laurence Street.

    Ex: Other factors that may have affected use were the unattractive facade of the library and cuts in library staffing which limited contact with the community.
    Ex: In addition, one must not forget such mundane matters as door bells ( front and back), a closing bell, fire bells, security alarms and possibly others all of which must be noticeably different.

    * * *
    un edificio con 30 metros de fachada a building with a 30 meter frontage
    2 (apariencia) facade
    bajo la fachada fría beneath the cold facade o exterior
    su generosidad es pura fachada his generosity is all a facade o is all show
    * * *

     

    fachada sustantivo femenino
    a) ( de edificio) facade (tech), front


    fachada sustantivo femenino
    1 Arquit façade o facade
    2 fam (aspecto externo) facade, exterior: es muy tímido, su arrogancia es pura fachada, his arrogance is just a front, he's shy really
    ' fachada' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    frente
    - mirar
    - portada
    - renegrida
    - renegrido
    - sobresalir
    - dar
    - exterior
    English:
    face
    - front
    - facade
    * * *
    1. [de edificio] facade;
    con fachada a facing;
    hacer fachada con o [m5]a to be opposite, to face
    2. [apariencia] outward appearance;
    bajo esa fachada de tranquilidad se esconde una persona aventurera behind that calm outward appearance of his there's a person who loves adventure;
    es pura fachada it's just a show
    * * *
    façade
    * * *
    : facade
    * * *
    fachada n front

    Spanish-English dictionary > fachada

  • 17 frenar

    v.
    1 to brake (automobiles).
    El auto frena de repente The car brakes suddenly.
    Ricardo frenó el auto Richard braked the car.
    2 to check.
    los altos tipos de interés frenan a los inversores the high interest rates are holding investors back
    3 to rein in, to rein up, to rein back.
    El jinete frenó al caballo The rider reined in the horse.
    María frenó su lengua Mary checked her tongue.
    4 to halt, to set back, to slow down to a halt.
    El movimiento frenó The movement slowed down to a halt.
    5 to scotch, to spoke.
    El mecánico frena la rueda The mechanic scotches the wheel.
    * * *
    1 to brake
    2 figurado to restrain, check
    1 to brake
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (Aut, Mec) to brake
    2) (=contener) [+ inflación, crecimiento, avance, deterioro] to check, slow down; [+ pasiones, entusiasmo] to curb; [+ enemigo, ataque] to check, hold back
    2.
    VI (Aut) to brake

    frena, que viene una curva — brake, there's a bend coming up

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (Transp) to brake
    2) <proceso/deterioro> to slow... down; <alza/inflación> to curb, check; <progreso/desarrollo> to hold... back
    2.
    frenar vi to brake, apply the brake(s) (frml)
    3.
    frenarse v pron (refl) to restrain oneself
    * * *
    = put + the brakes on, stultify, rein in, curb, apply + the brakes, slow down, slow up, brake, hold + Nombre + back.
    Ex. At the heart of the debate on Community budget and agricultural reforms has been the UK's insistence on the need to put the brakes on runaway spending on agriculture.
    Ex. Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.
    Ex. If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.
    Ex. A book detection system was installed to curb thefts which had been seriously eroding the library's resources for some time, creating a heavy drain on the limited book budget.
    Ex. The conclusion by the article 'Children's bookstores: applying the brakes' is that the rapid growth in children's bookstores and bookselling, documented in previous surveys, may have finally reached a plateau.
    Ex. However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.
    Ex. Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.
    Ex. Last year the system was upgraded so the car will brake if the driver fails to react to a dangerous situation.
    Ex. Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.
    ----
    * frenar el gasto público = curb + public spending.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (Transp) to brake
    2) <proceso/deterioro> to slow... down; <alza/inflación> to curb, check; <progreso/desarrollo> to hold... back
    2.
    frenar vi to brake, apply the brake(s) (frml)
    3.
    frenarse v pron (refl) to restrain oneself
    * * *
    = put + the brakes on, stultify, rein in, curb, apply + the brakes, slow down, slow up, brake, hold + Nombre + back.

    Ex: At the heart of the debate on Community budget and agricultural reforms has been the UK's insistence on the need to put the brakes on runaway spending on agriculture.

    Ex: Excessive standardisation also tends to stultify development and improvement of IT products.
    Ex: If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.
    Ex: A book detection system was installed to curb thefts which had been seriously eroding the library's resources for some time, creating a heavy drain on the limited book budget.
    Ex: The conclusion by the article 'Children's bookstores: applying the brakes' is that the rapid growth in children's bookstores and bookselling, documented in previous surveys, may have finally reached a plateau.
    Ex: However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.
    Ex: Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.
    Ex: Last year the system was upgraded so the car will brake if the driver fails to react to a dangerous situation.
    Ex: Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.
    * frenar el gasto público = curb + public spending.

    * * *
    frenar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ( Transp) to brake
    B
    1 ‹proceso/deterioro› to slow … down, check; ‹alza/inflación› to curb, check, slow … down; ‹progreso/desarrollo› to hold … back, slow … up/down
    frena la maduración de la fruta it stops the fruit ripening so quickly, it slows down the ripening process of the fruit
    a veces uno tiene que frenar la lengua there are times when one has to hold one's tongue
    para frenar la ola de refugiados to stem the flow of refugees
    2 ‹ilusiones/esperanzas› to put a damper on
    ■ frenar
    vi
    to brake, apply the brake(s) ( frml)
    ( refl) to restrain oneself
    * * *

    frenar ( conjugate frenar) verbo transitivo
    1 (Transp) to brake
    2 ‹proceso/deterioro› to slow … down;
    ‹alza/inflación› to curb, check;
    ‹progreso/desarrollo› to hold … back
    verbo intransitivo
    to brake, apply the brake(s) (frml)
    frenar verbo transitivo
    1 (un vehículo, máquina) to brake
    2 (contener) (crisis, inflación, etc) to slow down
    (una tendencia, un impulso) to restrain
    ' frenar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    retardar
    - seco
    English:
    arrest
    - brake
    - check
    - put on
    - slam on
    - apply
    - curb
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [en vehículo] to brake
    2. [contener] to check;
    [disminuir] to curb, to slow down;
    medidas para frenar el desempleo measures to curb unemployment;
    nadie pudo frenar a la estrella brasileña no one could stop the Brazilian star;
    los altos tipos de interés frenan a los inversores the high interest rates are holding investors back
    ♦ vi
    [en vehículo] to brake
    * * *
    I v/i AUTO brake;
    frenar en seco brake sharply
    II v/t fig
    slow down; impulsos check
    * * *
    frenar vt
    1) : to brake
    2) detener: to curb, to check
    frenar vi
    : to apply the brakes
    * * *
    frenar vb to brake

    Spanish-English dictionary > frenar

  • 18 hipótesis

    f. s.&pl.
    hypothesis, theory, postulate, supposition.
    * * *
    1 hypothesis
    \
    hipótesis de trabajo working thesis
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF INV
    1) (=suposición) hypothesis, supposition
    2) (=teoría) theory, idea
    * * *
    femenino hypothesis
    * * *
    = hypothesis [hypotheses, -pl.], thesis.
    Ex. The construction of the hypothesis should be limited to such considerations as whether the subject heading list is designed to serve the general public or the scientific community, the adult or the juvenile user.
    Ex. A praeses is a faculty moderator of an academic disputation, who normally proposes a thesis and participates in the ensuing disputation.
    ----
    * comprobar una hipótesis = test + hypothesis.
    * confirmar una hipótesis = support + hypothesis, validate + hypothesis.
    * de la hipótesis = hypothesised [hypothesized, -USA].
    * hipótesis nula = null hypothesis.
    * negar una hipótesis = negate + hypothesis.
    * para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.
    * rechazar una hipótesis = reject + hypothesis, negate + hypothesis.
    * validar una hipótesis = validate + hypothesis.
    * * *
    femenino hypothesis
    * * *
    = hypothesis [hypotheses, -pl.], thesis.

    Ex: The construction of the hypothesis should be limited to such considerations as whether the subject heading list is designed to serve the general public or the scientific community, the adult or the juvenile user.

    Ex: A praeses is a faculty moderator of an academic disputation, who normally proposes a thesis and participates in the ensuing disputation.
    * comprobar una hipótesis = test + hypothesis.
    * confirmar una hipótesis = support + hypothesis, validate + hypothesis.
    * de la hipótesis = hypothesised [hypothesized, -USA].
    * hipótesis nula = null hypothesis.
    * negar una hipótesis = negate + hypothesis.
    * para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.
    * rechazar una hipótesis = reject + hypothesis, negate + hypothesis.
    * validar una hipótesis = validate + hypothesis.

    * * *
    hypothesis
    * * *

    hipótesis sustantivo femenino
    hypothesis
    hipótesis f inv hypothesis: ¿has oído su última hipótesis sobre el origen de la vida?, have you heard his latest hypothesis on the origin of life?
    ' hipótesis' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acertada
    - acertado
    - aventurar
    - cábala
    - igualmente
    - mantener
    - temeraria
    - temerario
    - aunque
    - documentar
    - ser
    - suponer
    English:
    hypothesis
    - supposition
    * * *
    hipótesis nf inv
    hypothesis
    hipótesis de trabajo working hypothesis
    * * *
    f hypothesis
    * * *
    hipótesis nfs & pl
    : hypothesis

    Spanish-English dictionary > hipótesis

  • 19 oferta de empleo

    (n.) = career opportunity, job vacancy, job opportunities, job placement, career option, employment opportunity
    Ex. Such are the career opportunities presently open to such people that there is little hope of persuading them into new course programmes.
    Ex. Small ads and job vacancies may also be displayed in the library.
    Ex. This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.
    Ex. The libraries are located in the fringe areas between low-income neighbourhoods and business districts and provide careers and educational guidance, job placement and referral to community facilities for diagnosis and remedial services.
    Ex. A similar linear relationship between age and entrapment indicated that as librarians mature, they become bound to their line of work because of accumulated investments and decreased career options = Una relación directa similar entre la edad y la sensación de sentirse atrapado indicaba que a medida que los bibliotecarios envejecen se sienten ligados a su línea de trabajo debido al esfuerzo invertido y una disminución de las oportunidades de trabajo.
    Ex. This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.
    * * *
    (n.) = career opportunity, job vacancy, job opportunities, job placement, career option, employment opportunity

    Ex: Such are the career opportunities presently open to such people that there is little hope of persuading them into new course programmes.

    Ex: Small ads and job vacancies may also be displayed in the library.
    Ex: This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.
    Ex: The libraries are located in the fringe areas between low-income neighbourhoods and business districts and provide careers and educational guidance, job placement and referral to community facilities for diagnosis and remedial services.
    Ex: A similar linear relationship between age and entrapment indicated that as librarians mature, they become bound to their line of work because of accumulated investments and decreased career options = Una relación directa similar entre la edad y la sensación de sentirse atrapado indicaba que a medida que los bibliotecarios envejecen se sienten ligados a su línea de trabajo debido al esfuerzo invertido y una disminución de las oportunidades de trabajo.
    Ex: This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.

    * * *
    job offer

    Spanish-English dictionary > oferta de empleo

  • 20 profano

    adj.
    profane, worldly, irreligious.
    f. & m.
    1 lay person, non-specialist.
    2 layman.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: profanar.
    * * *
    1 (no sagrado) profane, secular
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 (hombre) layman; (mujer) laywoman
    \
    ser profano,-a en la materia to know nothing about the subject
    * * *
    profano, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=laico) profane, secular
    2) (=irrespetuoso) irreverent
    3) (=no experto) lay, uninitiated; (=ignorante) ignorant

    soy profano en música — I don't know anything about music, I'm a layman when it comes to music

    4) (=deshonesto) indecent, immodest
    2.
    SM / F (=inexperto) layman/laywoman; (=ajeno) outsider
    * * *
    I
    - na adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( no sagrado) <escritor/música> secular, profane (frml); < fiesta> secular
    b) ( antirreligioso) profane (frml), irreverent
    II
    - na masculino, femenino
    1) (Relig) (m) layman; (f) laywoman
    2) ( no especialista) non-specialist
    * * *
    = layman [laymen, -pl.], outsider, lay, lay person [layperson], unholy, pedestrian.
    Ex. Mechanization may yet force the issue, especially in the scientific field; whereupon scientific jargon would become still less intelligible to the layman.
    Ex. If we look at a totally different sort of book, romantic fiction, we find here a form of novel which, to the outsider who has never read one of them, may seem to be endlessly repetitious.
    Ex. Most public libraries in western countries are under local control and the smaller the local government unit, the more all embracing is the lay, and therefore uninformed, control.
    Ex. This is an evaluative tool which brings lay people together with experts, under pressure of limited time, for study of specific problems.
    Ex. The unholy and more holy sources of community information are mentioned from pimps and prostitutes to the preacher and the policeman.
    Ex. The article 'Modems: an overview for the pedestrian' offers help in selecting a modem for a personal computer.
    ----
    * profano en la materia = non-scholar.
    * representación de personas profanas en la materia = lay representation.
    * * *
    I
    - na adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( no sagrado) <escritor/música> secular, profane (frml); < fiesta> secular
    b) ( antirreligioso) profane (frml), irreverent
    II
    - na masculino, femenino
    1) (Relig) (m) layman; (f) laywoman
    2) ( no especialista) non-specialist
    * * *
    = layman [laymen, -pl.], outsider, lay, lay person [layperson], unholy, pedestrian.

    Ex: Mechanization may yet force the issue, especially in the scientific field; whereupon scientific jargon would become still less intelligible to the layman.

    Ex: If we look at a totally different sort of book, romantic fiction, we find here a form of novel which, to the outsider who has never read one of them, may seem to be endlessly repetitious.
    Ex: Most public libraries in western countries are under local control and the smaller the local government unit, the more all embracing is the lay, and therefore uninformed, control.
    Ex: This is an evaluative tool which brings lay people together with experts, under pressure of limited time, for study of specific problems.
    Ex: The unholy and more holy sources of community information are mentioned from pimps and prostitutes to the preacher and the policeman.
    Ex: The article 'Modems: an overview for the pedestrian' offers help in selecting a modem for a personal computer.
    * profano en la materia = non-scholar.
    * representación de personas profanas en la materia = lay representation.

    * * *
    profano1 -na
    A
    1 (no sagrado) ‹escritor/música› secular, profane ( frml); ‹fiesta› secular
    2 (antirreligioso) profane, irreverent
    B
    (no especializado): soy profano en la materia I'm not an expert on the subject
    profano2 -na
    masculine, feminine
    A ( Relig) ( masculine) layman; ( feminine) laywoman
    B (no especialista) non-specialist
    su nombre no dice demasiado a los profanos his name doesn't mean much to the non-specialist o the layperson o the layman
    * * *

    Del verbo profanar: ( conjugate profanar)

    profano es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    profanó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    profanar    
    profano
    profanar ( conjugate profanar) verbo transitivo ‹templo/sepultura› to desecrate, defile
    profano
    ◊ -na adjetivo

    1
    a) ( no sagrado) ‹escritor/música› secular, profane (frml);

    ‹ fiesta› secular

    2 ( no especializado):

    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    1 (Relig) (m) layman;
    (f) laywoman
    2 ( no especialista) non-specialist
    profanar verbo transitivo to desecrate
    profano,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (no sacro) profane, secular
    2 (no experto) ignorant, lay
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino layperson
    (hombre) layman
    (mujer) laywoman
    ' profano' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    profana
    - temporal
    English:
    lay
    - profane
    - secular
    * * *
    profano, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [no sagrado] profane, secular;
    literatura/música profana secular literature/music
    2. [ignorante] ignorant, uninitiated;
    soy profano en la materia I'm a layman when it comes to that subject, I know nothing about the subject
    ♦ nm,f
    layman, f laywoman;
    soy un profano en cuestiones de economía I'm a layman when it comes to economics, I know nothing about economics
    * * *
    I adj fig
    lay atr
    II m layman
    * * *
    profano, -na adj
    1) : profane
    2) : worldly, secular
    profano, -na n
    : nonspecialist

    Spanish-English dictionary > profano

Страницы

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